Echoes [EXCLUSIVE]
Derechos typically are associated with bands of showers or thunderstorms that assume a curved or bowed shape. The term "bow echo" is based on how bands of rain showers or thunderstorms "bow out" when strong winds, associated with the storms, reach the surface and spread horizontally. A derecho comes from a long-lived bow echo or a series of bow echoes.
Echoes
Bow echoes usually arise from a cluster of storms, but also may begin from just a single supercell thunderstorm. As the rain cooled downdraft reaches the earth's surface, it spreads horizontally. This downdraft marks the dissipation stage of that particular thunderstorm cell.
Founded in 1989, "Echoes & Visions" is the college's creative arts journal. The title speaks to the power of art to move us, both individually and collectively, and cast its echoes and visions far beyond the published page. Every fall semester, a public reading and reception is held on campus to celebrate the publication of each new issue, showcasing the talents of student writers and artists.
Intense radiofrequency power in the form of pulses is applied to an ensemble of spins in a liquid placed in a large static magnetic field H0. The frequency of the pulsed r-f power satisfies the condition for nuclear magnetic resonance, and the pulses last for times which are short compared with the time in which the nutating macroscopic magnetic moment of the entire spin ensemble can decay. After removal of the pulses a non-equilibrium configuration of isochromatic macroscopic moments remains in which the moment vectors precess freely. Each moment vector has a magnitude at a given precession frequency which is determined by the distribution of Larmor frequencies imposed upon the ensemble by inhomogeneities in H0. At times determined by pulse sequences applied in the past the constructive interference of these moment vectors gives rise to observable spontaneous nuclear induction signals. The properties and underlying principles of these spin echo signals are discussed with use of the Bloch theory. Relaxation times are measured directly and accurately from the measurement of echo amplitudes. An analysis includes the effect on relaxation measurements of the self-diffusion of liquid molecules which contain resonant nuclei. Preliminary studies are made of several effects associated with spin echoes, including the observed shifts in magnetic resonance frequency of spins due to magnetic shielding of nuclei contained in molecules.
The extended phase graph (EPG) concept represents a powerful tool for depicting and understanding the magnetization response of a broad variety of MR sequences. EPGs focus on echo generation as well as on classification and use a Fourier based magnetization description in terms of "configurations states". The effect of gradients, radiofrequency (RF) pulses, relaxation, and motion phenomena during the MR sequence is characterized as the action of a few matrix operations on these configuration states. Thus, the EPG method allows for fast and precise quantitation of echo intensities even if several gradients and RF pulses are applied. EPG diagrams aid in the comprehension of different types of echoes and their corresponding echo time. Despite its several benefits in regard to a large number of problems and issues, researchers and users still often refrain from applying EPGs. It seems that "phase graphing" is still seen as a kind of "magic." The present review investigates the foundation of EPGs and sheds light on prerequisites for adding more advanced phenomena such as diffusion. The links between diagrams and calculations are discussed. A further focus is on limitations and simplifications as well recent extensions within the EPG concept. To make the review complete, representative software for EPG coding is provided. 041b061a72